Generally, RA-ILD presents with dyspnea, dry cough, chest discomfort, and asthenia. At clinical examination, patients with RA-ILD can present bilateral basal crackles in almost 90% of cases (9, 10).

It often does not cause symptoms until it is advanced, but warning signs can include a persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, or coughing up blood.

Previous research suggests that the involuntary cough reflex involves coordinated contraction of the chest, abdominal, and pelvic muscles. This contraction increases intra-abdominal pressure, ...

Cough was reported with the use of fentanyl (one study), remifentanil (five studies, low quality evidence) and alfentanil (one study). Breath holding and chest tightness were reported with the use of ...