In response to United States (US) tariffs, and citing national security interests as a reason, China introduced two waves of export controls for rare-earth elements (REEs) in April and October 2025 ...

EU Member States’ defence expenditure rose significantly between 2021 and 2024. The EU has introduced several initiatives to complement national efforts in order to boost defence spending and ...

The March meeting is an apparent example of a European Council agenda dictated by external events. The meeting was originally due to focus almost exclusively on competitiveness and follow up on the ...

In 2018, the EU adopted the civilian CSDP compact (CCC), designed to enhance mission capabilities in terms both of response time and access to relevant training. Its aim was to boost responsiveness, ...

Written by Tim Peters with Elena Bersani. The European Parliament is fully committed to ensuring an ambitious EU long-term budget that meets the Union’s many challenges in the years to come. On 28 ...

The EU supports the transition towards sustainable agrifood systems. While total EU GHG emissions have dropped by a third since 1990, emissions from agrifood systems have fallen more slowly. Agrifood ...

With the intention of informing discussion in the approach to the 2024 European elections, this study examines the historical, factual and legal aspects surrounding the Spitzenkandidaten, or lead ...

The Cybersecurity Act (CSA) came into force in 2019 as part of the EU’s efforts to build strong cybersecurity. Written by Polona Car. The Cybersecurity Act (CSA) came into force in 2019 as part of the ...

Republika Srpska The Dayton Peace Agreement modified the structure of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It created two entities – the Federation of BiH (51% of the territory,… The parties representing the ...

A range of events may affect the functioning of internet infrastructure, including unintentional technical failures, cyber-attacks, physical attacks to the core infrastructure, technology dependency ...

Under current EU law, EU Member States are free to set their minimum national voting age for European elections. This age is set at 16 in Austria, Germany and Malta, 17 in Greece, and 18 in the ...

You can use our collection of graphs, charts, tables and maps with statistical data for any purpose (just please credit the European Parliamentary Research Service). The images were created by the ...